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Ravikumar, B.
- Development of Model for Deformation in Water Hammer Forming Process
Abstract Views :157 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
S. Gajanana
1,
B. Ravikumar
1
Affiliations
1 Mech. Engg. Dept., M. V. S. R. Engg. College, Hyderabad, IN
1 Mech. Engg. Dept., M. V. S. R. Engg. College, Hyderabad, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 12, No 4 (2013), Pagination: 22-26Abstract
Liqud or Water hammer forming is a non traditional type of forming technique in which a dead weight drop freely from a certain height over a plunger working inside a cylinder containing water or hydraulic fluid generates shock waves which reach the sheet metal kept at a lower part of the cylinder and deforms it to the shape of the die placed below the sheet metal. Some of the important process variables that effect deformation process are the input energy height of the water column and properties of work material. The speed of deformation and pressure generated are quite low comparatively with other unconventional forming processes. The types of components which can be produced by this technique are identical to those made by electro hydraulic method. In the present work full factorial design of experiments (DOE) technique is used in order to find the effect of input parameters on deformation. Contribution of each factor on output is determined by ANOVA ( Analysis of Variance ).Keywords
DOE, ANOVA, Factors, Water Hammer Forming.
- Development of Co-Ordinate Retrieval System in CAD for Satellite Component by Shear Forming Process
Abstract Views :174 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 M V S R Engg. College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
2 J N T U College of Engg, Anantapur, IN
3 Mechanical Engg Dept, M V S R Engg. College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
1 M V S R Engg. College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
2 J N T U College of Engg, Anantapur, IN
3 Mechanical Engg Dept, M V S R Engg. College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 12, No 3 (2013), Pagination: 5-9Abstract
Metal forming involves deforming of metal plastically into various derived shapes and sizes under the effect of externally applied forces. Flow forming is an advanced, near net shape, chipless metal forming process, which employs an incremental rotary point deformation technique for manufacturing seamless, dimensionally precise, tubular and other rotationally symmetrical products. In shear forming process deformation is carried out by combination of axial and radial forces using a set of rollers thf coordinate retrieval system using AUTO LISP for bottle neck shaped inner shell cylinder of a missile which is used for a critical space application. The experimentation consists of two stages ,i.e. Flow turning of cone with 36º included angle fromat are simultaneously moved along the length of the rotating preform. The present paper discusses on development o input Size blank of 400 x 400 x 16mm and then Spinning of cone to inner shell cylinder by spinning (3 or 4 Passes). The earlier method of development of component was a manual feeding of coordinates. This involves painstakingly measuring distances in the CAD drawing with reference to the equipment, whose axes are at an angle of 120° to one another. This process of manual retrieval of coordinates to be entered require a laborious 18hrs of operator time for every new trial. Auto Lisp, a standard feature of AutoCAD, which enables us to introduce a special command with customized output. A standard program in Auto Lisp, which gives only the end points of a polyline, was re-written to give coordinates of points at every 1 mm. This developed system brings down operator time per cycle from 18hrs to less than 15 min. and also minimizes the human error. After successful execution of the program the coordinate values thus obtained are used for the development of prototype in copper alloy and also in the development of actual material.Keywords
Metal Spinning, AUTO LISP , Co-Ordinate Retrieval System.- A Review on Simulation of Multi Pass Spinning Process
Abstract Views :221 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA, Anantapuram, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA, Anantapuram, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 17, No 8 (2018), Pagination: 3-6Abstract
Sheet metal spinning process is a plastic working technology and is frequently used for manufacturing axisymmetric shapes. Sheet metal spinning has developed significantly and spun products have widely used for various industrial applications. In the current paper a review is carried on finite element simulation of multi-pass spinning with different path profiles and multi-domain techniques of simulation process. It is also proposed scope for new tool geometries for metal spinning process.Keywords
Metal Spinning, Multi-Pass, Simulation, Multi-Domain.References
- Sebastiani, G; Brosius, A; Homberg, W; Kleiner, M: Process characterization ofsheet metal spinning by means of finite elements. Key Eng Mater, 2007; 334:637–44.
- Lin Wang; Hui Long: Investigation of material deformation in multi-pass conventional metal spinning, 'Materials and Design', 32, 2011, 2891– 2899
- G. Sebastiani, A. Brosius, R. Ewers ,M. Kleiner, C. Klimmekb “Numerical investigation on dynamic effects during sheet metal spinning byexplicit finiteelementanalysis” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 177 (2006) 401–403
- E Quigley and J Monaghan “Finite element modelling of conventional spinning using multi domain models” Journal of Materials Processing Technology 124(2002) 360-365
- L. Motgharea, C.C. Handab, Rakesh L Himtec, “Spinning And Flow Forming Processes In Manufacturing Industries: A Review” International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092,Volume- 5, Issue-11, Nov.-2017
- Gajanana, S; Devaki Devi, K; Vishweshwar, N: Development of Satellite ComponentThrough Flow Forming Process, ‘InternationalJ. of Multidisp. Research &Advcs. In Engg.(IJMRE), ISSN 0975-7074’, vol. 3, no. IV,October 2011, 271-284.
- Ravikumar, B; Dr. Gajanana, S; Dr. Hemachandra Reddy, K and Nigam, K N: Development Of Co-Ordinate Retrieval System In Cad For Satellite Component By Shear Forming Process, 'Manufacturing Technology Today', March 2013
- Experimental Investigation and Simulation of Hot Rolling of AL6061
Abstract Views :201 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 MVSR Engineering College, Hyderabad, IN
2 RCI, Hyderabad, IN
1 MVSR Engineering College, Hyderabad, IN
2 RCI, Hyderabad, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 17, No 8 (2018), Pagination: 15-21Abstract
The process of deforming a metal plastically by passing it between rollers is an age old metal forming process called rolling. The main aim of this paper is to find the optimal process parameters on roll separating force in hot rolling process for Al6061 material. Experimental investigation was carried on Al6061 using Taguchi Design of Experiments and linear regression model is generated using MiniTab software. Simulation is also carried using explicit analysis of the hot rolling process in Abaqus CAE software.Keywords
DoE, Explicit Analysis, Hot Rolling, Regression Analysis, Taguchi Method.References
- Electric Muffle Furnace, C.A. Crowley, Popular Mechanics, 67:6, pp. 941-945, June 1937.
- Orowan E. The calculation of roll pressure in hot and cold flat rolling. Proc Inst Mech Eng 1943;150:140–67
- Zienkiewicz OC, Taylor RL. The finite element method. Solid mechanics, vol.2. Woburn: Butterworth-Heinermann; 2000
- Kobayashi S, Oh SI, Altan T. Metal forming and finite element method. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989
- M.F.Novella, A.Ghiotti, S.Bruschi,et al., Modelling of AA6082 ductile damage evolution under hot rolling conditions, Procedia Engineering 81 (2014) 221–226., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.154
- Miller W.S., Zhuang L., “Recent development in aluminium alloys for the automotive industry”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 280, Issue 1, Pages 37-49
- P.N. Rao, “Manufacturing Technology”, book, second edition, Tata McGraw Hill Education.
- Ona, H., Study on development of intelligent roll forming machine, International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, ICTP2005, Verona, Italy, 2005
- Development of Regression Model for Spinning force Using Parabolic Mandrel
Abstract Views :223 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA, Anantapuram, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA, Anantapuram, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 17, No 8 (2018), Pagination: 22-29Abstract
Metal forming involves deforming of metal physically into various derived shapes and sizes under the effect of externally applied forces. Flow forming is an advanced, near net shape, chip less metal forming process, which employs an increment rotary point deformation technique for manufacturing seamless, dimensionally precise tubular and other rotationally symmetrical products. Spinning is an advanced continuous and local metal forming process, which is widely used in many fields due to its advantages of flexibility, high quality and low cost. It is frequently used for manufacturing axisymmetric shapes where press tooling might not be justified on grounds of size and production volumes. It also has the possibility of producing parts that could not be deep drawn. Initial workpiece shape is either a flat blank or a preformed hollow component. It is characteristic of this process that the deformation does not occur in an annular zone around the axis of rotation but that the tools act upon a much localized area in which plastic flow takes place. During spinning tools are moved relative to the rotating workpiece. In this paper, a Regression model showing the relation among input process parameters, Mandrel speed (rpm), Roller type and Thickness of sheet (mm) and output response spinning force is developed using full factorial design of experiments conducted on Aluminum 2024-T3 sheets with parabolic mandrel. Contribution of each factor on output is determined by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).Keywords
Metal Spinning, Factorial Design of Experiments, ANOVA, Spinning Force.References
- B.Ravikumar, S.Gajanana, K.Hemachandra Reddy and K.N Nigam,” Development of CoOrdinate Retrieval System in CAD For Satellite
- S.Gajanana, K.Devaki Devi “Development of Satellite Component Through Flow Forming Process „, International Journal of Multidisp. Research & Advcs. In Engg. (IJMRE), Vol.3, No.IV, October 2011.
- El-Khabeery, M. M., Fattouh, M., El-Sheikh, M. N., Hamed, O. A., 1991. On the conventional simple spinning of cylindrical aluminium cups. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 31, 203–219
- Kalpakcioglu, S., 1961. A Study of ShearSpinnability of Metals. Journal of Engineering for Industry, 83, 478
- Kobayashi, S., 1963. Instability in the conventional spinning of cones. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 85, 44–48.
- Kawai, K., Yang, L., Kudo, H., 2001. A flexible shear spinning of truncated conical shells with a general-purpose mandrel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 113, 28–33.
- Music, O., Allwood, J. M., Kawai, K., 2010. A review of the mechanics of metal spinning. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 210, 3–23
- Music, O., Allwood, J. M., 2010. A review of the mechanics of metal spinning. Journal of materials processing, 210, 3–23
- Music, O., Allwood, J. M., 2011b. Tool-path Design for Metal Spinning. Proceedings of the 10th International Confernece on Technology of Plasticity, Aachen, Germany, pp. 542–547.
- Liu, J., Yang, H., Li, Y., 2002. A study of the stress and strain distributions of first-pass conventional spinning under different roller-traces. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 129, 326–329
- Development of Factorial Model for Green Compression Strength of Moulding Sand
Abstract Views :247 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 18, No 11 (2019), Pagination: 26-30Abstract
Sand casting process is one of the most versatile process in manufacturing process where molten metal is poured into the expendable sand mould cavity to get complex shapes. In this process green compression strength is considered to be one of the important mechanical property for mould preparation in sand casting. These moulding sand properties play a vital role in determining the optimum moisture content for making green sand casting mould.
To optimize green compression strength the process variables like clay, moisture and sand composition are varied by selecting design of experiments (DOE) technique to find out effect of input parameters on green compression strength.
The present work aims to determination of green compression strength by varying silica sand, clay and water. Using factorial method number of experiments to be conducted is determined and design matrix is created. Using design matrix regression coefficients are calculated and student’s t-test is carried out to check significance of each regression coefficient. Contribution of each factor on output is determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Keywords
Green Compression Strength, ANOVA, DOE, Sand Casting.References
- Alder, YP, et al.: The Design of Experiments to find Optimal Conditions, MIR publications, Moscow, 1975.
- Montgomery, DC: Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Willey and Sons, New York, 1991.
- Rao, PN: Manufacturing Technology, McGraw Hill Education, vol. 1, 2013.
- Khalasi, Hiren; Patel, Milan; Parekh, Deep; Shethiya, Naimesh: Optimization of Process Parameters of Green Sand Casting in Small Scale Foundry, IJRASET, vol. 4, May 2016.
- Khare, Manu; Optimization of sand casting parameters using factorial design, 'International Journal Of Scientific Research', vol. 3, no. 1, January 2014.
- Gajanana, S: Optimization of Process Parameters for Hero Honda Exhaust Valve using Design of Experiments, 'Proceeding of National Conference on Recent Advances in Computer Aided Engineering', Osmania University, Hyderabad, March 3rd & 4th , 2006.
- Gajanana S: Development Of Mathematical Model For EDM Using Two Factorial Design of Experiments, XXIII National Convention Of Mechanical Engineers And National Seminar On ‘Emerging Trends In Manufacturing Systems And Technologies’, Hyderabad, September 10-12, 2007
- Experimental Investigation on Machining Parameters of Al6061-Mgo
Abstract Views :297 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 MVSR Engineering College, Hyderabad, IN
2 CoE, Osmania University, Hyderabad, IN
1 MVSR Engineering College, Hyderabad, IN
2 CoE, Osmania University, Hyderabad, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 19, No 12 (2020), Pagination: 19-26Abstract
The objective of the current paper is, to investigate the machinability on Al 6061-Mgo metal matrix considering machinability parameters like speed, feed, depth of cut. Aluminum is remarkable for its low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. It is widely used for high performance applications such as automotive, military, electricity and aerospace industries because of their improved physical and mechanical properties such as light weight, high strength, good corrosion resistance, malleability, etc. Al metal matrix is the material. In the present work aluminium is used as the matrix and several reinforced materials are embedded into the matrix. Al 6061 aluminum alloy is reinforced with 1.0 weight percentage of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) particles through stir casting. In the present work, the influence of alloying elements in Al 6061 alloy have been investigated Casting of specimen having mentioned composition were prepared using stir casting method. Experiments were performed machining parameters like speed, feed, depth of cut during the turning operation with rake angle 15o per various trials, by changing the machinability parameters and calculated for all trials resultant force and frictional force with the help of merchant cycle and identified optimized machinability parameters.Keywords
Al6061, Merchant Circle, Machinability, Rake Angle.- Study on influence of process parameters in hot rolling of al 7178 metal matrix materials
Abstract Views :67 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 1 Maturi Venkata Subba Rao (MVSR) Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, IN
2 Maturi Venkata Subba Rao (MVSR) Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India., IN
3 University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, IN
4 Brilliant Institute of Engineering Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, IN
5 HCL Technologies, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, IN
1 1 Maturi Venkata Subba Rao (MVSR) Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, IN
2 Maturi Venkata Subba Rao (MVSR) Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India., IN
3 University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, IN
4 Brilliant Institute of Engineering Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, IN
5 HCL Technologies, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 21, No 5-6 (2022), Pagination: 3-14Abstract
Aluminium and its alloys are in demand for the manufacturing of components due to their high strength to weight ratio. As the technology is advanced the demand for high strength to weight ratio is increased exponentially. Many researchers are explore alternatives to pure aluminium by way of adding silicon and metal matrix of Mg, SiC and Al2 O3 . The present work aims at preparation of optimized Al7178 by stir casting process and extruding to preparation of aluminium matrix materials consisting silicon carbide and aluminium oxide (Al2 O3 ) powder of 40µm particle size at 6% weight percentage with a objective of investing the influence of process parameters of hot rolling process. Investigation is undertaken in order to minimize the rolling force of Al7178 aluminium metal matrix in hot rolling forming process where in the process parameters inlet thickness, rolling speed, percentage reduction of thickness, rolling temperature are considered as input parameters. Experimentation on hot rolling process concludes that 6% weight percentage of SiC and Al203 needs minimum rolling force 2.6 and 1.3 kN corresponding to 9mm inlet thickness, 15rpm rolling speed, 10% of thickness reduction at rolling temperature of 600ᵒC.Keywords
Al 7178 alloy, Silicon Carbide (SiC), Aluminium Oxide (Al2 O3 ), Taguchi Method.References
- Azpen, Q. M., Baharudin, B. T. H. T., Shamsuddin, S., & Mustapha, F. (2018). Reinforcement and hot workability of aluminium alloy 7075 particulate composites: A review. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 13(4), 1034 – 1057.
- Bagheripoor, M., & Bisadi, H. (2014). An investigation on the roll force and torque fluctuations during hot strip rolling process. Production and Manufacturing Research, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/21693277.2014. 895916
- Bharath, V., Nagaral, Madev., Auradi, V., & Koric, S. A. (2014). Preparation of 6061Al-Al2 O3 MMC by stir casting and evaluation of mechanical and wear properties. Procedia Materials Science, 6, 1658 – 1667.
- Changqing, H., Hua, D, Jie, C, Xinghua, H. U., & Shuangcheng, Y. (2011). Research on rolling force model in hot-rolling process of aluminum alloys. Procedia Engineering, 16, 745 – 754.
- Dhaneswara, D., Syahrial, A. Z., & Ayman, M. T. (2017). Mechanical properties of nano SiC-reinforced aluminum A356 with Sr modifier fabricated by stir casting method. Procedia Engineering, 216, 43-50. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.02.087
- Ezatpour, H. R., Sajjadi, S. A., Sabzevar, M. H., & Huang, Y. (2014). Investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al6061- nanocomposite fabricated by stir casting. Materials and Design, 55, 921-928. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.10.060
- Fukuda, Y., Noda, M., Ito, T., Suzuki, K., Saito, N & Chino, Y. (2017). Effect of Reduction in Thickness and Rolling Conditions on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Rolled Mg-8Al1Zn-1Ca Alloy. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 1-9.
- Gupta, R. K., Anil Kumar, V., Sarath Krishnan, A., & Niteshraj, J. (2019). Hot deformation behavior of aluminum alloys AA7010 and AA7075. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 28(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019- 04231-8
- Hallberg, H. (2013). Influence of process parameters on grain refinement in AA1050 aluminum during cold rolling. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 66, 260-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci. 2012.11.016
- Kandpal, B. C., Kumar, J., & Singh, H. (2017). Fabrication and characterisation of Al2O3/ aluminium alloy 6061 composites fabricated by stir casting. Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(2), 2783–2792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. matpr.2017.02.157
- Kumar, T. V., Jayashankar, G., Srinivas, B., Jithendra, J., & Sumedh, M. (2017). Effect of rolling on hardness of aluminium metal matrix composites-an experimental study. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 525-530.
- Lei, Q., Li, Z., Wang, J., Xie, J. M., Chen, X., Li, S., Gao, Y., & Li, L. (2013). Hot working behavior of a super high strength Cu-Ni-Si alloy. Materials and Design, 51, 1104-1109. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.001
- Mao, D., Zhang, B., Li, J., Li, Z., & Shi, C. (2012). Effect of hot-rolling and warm-rolling process on properties of cast-rolling AZ31B magnesium alloy strip. Procedia Engineering, 27, 887-894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. proeng.2011.12.535
- Mathai, B., Mathew, C., Pratheesh, K., & Varghese, C. K. (2015). Effect of silicon on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si piston alloys. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 29(6), 299-303.
- Mazahery, A & Shabani, M. O. (2011). Investigation on mechanical properties of nano-Al2O3- reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 45(24), 2579–2586.
- Mondal, D. P., Jha, N., Badkul, A., Das, S., Yadav, M. S., & Jain, P. (2011). Effect of calcium addition on the microstructure and compressive deformation behaviour of 7178 aluminium alloy. Materials and Design, 32(5), 2803–2812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes. 2010.12.056
- Muniamuthu, S., Raju, N. L., Sathishkumar, S., & Kumar, K. S. (2016). Investigation on mechanical properties of Al 7075-Al2O3 metal matrix composite. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(6).
- Nagaral, M. (2013). Effect of Al2O3 particles on mechanical and wear properties of 6061al alloy metal matrix composites. Journal of Material Science & Engineering, 2(1).
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- Pandey, A., Khan, A. S., Kim, E. Y., Choi, S. H., & Gnäupel-Herold, T. (2013). Experimental and numerical investigations of yield surface, texture, and deformation mechanisms in AA5754 over low to high temperatures and strain rates. International Journal of Plasticity, 41, 165-188.
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- Vijay Kumar, T., Jayashankar, G., Srinivas, B., Jithendra, J., & Sumedh, M. (2017). Effect of rolling on hardness of aluminium metal matrix composites-an experimental study. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 525-530.
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- Zhang, T., Wu, Y. X., Gong, H., Zheng, X. Z., & Jiang, S. S. (2014). Effects of rolling parameters of snake hot rolling on strain distribution of aluminum alloy 7075. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 24(7), 2150-2156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003- 6326(14)63326-4
- Investigation of Characteristics of Hybrid Al 7(075+178) Alloy Developed Through Die Casting
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, IN
2 MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
1 Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, IN
2 MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 21, No 11-12 (2022), Pagination: 25 - 30Abstract
7XXX series aluminum alloys (Al 7XXX alloys) are widely used in bearing components, such as aircraft frame, spars and stringers, for their high specific strength, high specific stiffness, high toughness, excellent processing, and welding performance. One of the most commonly used aluminium alloy for structural applications is Al7075 alloy due to its attractive comprehensive properties such as low density, high strength, ductility, toughness and resistance to fatigue. Another important alloy in the Al 7XXX series is Al7178. It has exceptional uses in Aviation field, Automobile sector, and Structural industries. In the present research work an attempt is made to prepare a blend of these two alloys and get the optimum composition which yields high strength Al 7(075+178). A medium frequency induction furnace with graphite crucible was used for the melting. Mechanical properties like Tensile strength and Hardness are selected as the output response along with the Microstructural analysis. Taguchi method was adopted for designing experimental composition of the composite which is prepared.
Keywords
Al 7(075+178), Taguchi-DoE, Hybrid Alloy, Die CastingReferences
- Advekar, A., Arunkumar, Y., & Srinath, M. S. (2015). Simulation of high pressure die casting process for identifying and minimising defects, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) NCERAME – 2015, 3(17).
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- Ajibola, A. S., Olayinka, D, M., & Olalekan, S. T. (2012). Production and microstructural analysis of as-cast and heat-treated aluminium alloy, (Al-20%wtMg). Advances in Applied Science Research, 3 (4):2196-2203.
- Annigeri, U. (2017). Method of stir casting of Aluminum metal matrix Composites: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(2). 1140-1146. 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.130.
- Chakrapani, P., & Suryakumari, T.S.A. (2021). Mechanical properties of aluminium metal matrix composites-A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, 5960-5964.
- Dahle, A. K., Lee, Y. C., Nave, M. D., Schaffer, P. L., & StJohn, D. H. (2001). Development of the as-cast microstructure in magnesium–aluminium alloys. Journal of Light Metals, 1(1), 61-72.
- Fischer, C., Schweizer, C. (2021). Experimental investigation of the damage characteristics of two cast aluminium alloys: Part III – Influence of the local microstructure and initial defect size on the fatigue properties. International Journal of Fatigue, 152, 106388.
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